QA: Introduction To Communication Channels

Introduction To Communication Channels:

In an association, data streams forward, in reverse and sideways. This data stream is alluded to as correspondence. Correspondence channels allude to the way this data streams inside the association and with different associations.

In this web known as correspondence, a chief turns into a connection. Choices and bearings stream upwards or downwards or sideways relying upon the position of the director in the correspondence web.

For instance, reports from lower level administrator will stream upwards. A decent chief needs to rouse, control and arrange his workers proficiently, and for this, the apparatuses in his ownership are talked and composed words.

For the stream of data and for a supervisor to handle his workers, it is essential for an adequate correspondence divert to be set up.

The Working of a Communication Channel:
Through a modem of correspondence, be it up close and personal discussions or a between office update, data is transmitted from a supervisor to a subordinate or the other way around.

A critical component of the correspondence procedure is the input instrument between the administration and workers.

In this component, representatives educate supervisors that they have comprehended the current workload while directors furnish representatives with remarks and headings on worker's work.

Significance of a Communication Channel:

A breakdown in the correspondence channel prompts a wasteful stream of data. Workers are uninformed of what the organization expects of them. They are clueless of what is happening in the organization.

This will make them get to be suspicious of thought processes and any adjustments in the organization. Additionally without compelling correspondence, representatives get to be division minded as opposed to organization minded, and this influences their basic leadership and profitability in the work environment.

In the long run, this damages the general authoritative targets too. Henceforth, all together for an association to be run successfully, a great administrator ought to have the capacity to impart to his/her workers what is anticipated from them, ensure they are completely mindful of organization arrangements and any forthcoming changes.

In this manner, a viable correspondence channel ought to be executed by chiefs to enhance laborer profitability to guarantee the smooth running of the association.

Sorts of Communication Channels:
The quantity of correspondence channels accessible to an administrator has expanded throughout the last 20 odd years. Video conferencing, versatile innovation, electronic announcement sheets and fax machines are a portion of the new potential outcomes.

As associations develop in size, administrators can't depend on up close and personal correspondence alone to communicate as the need should arise.

A test the directors confront today is to figure out what kind of correspondence channel if they choose with a specific end goal to carryout compelling correspondence.

So as to make an administrator's assignment less demanding, the sorts of correspondence channels are assembled into three principle bunches: formal, casual and informal.
                 Communication Channels
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Introduction To Cause And Effect Diagram

Introduction To Cause And Effect Diagram:

There are various efficiency and administration apparatuses utilized as a part of business associations. Circumstances and end results Diagram, at the end of the day, Ishikawa or Fishbone outline, is one such administration instrument. Because of the fame of this instrument, dominant part of chiefs make utilization of this apparatus paying little respect to the size of the association.

Steps for Using the Tool:

Taking after are the strides that can be taken after to effectively draw a circumstances and end results outline:

Step 1: Properly distinguish the issue close by
  • Begin articulating the careful issue you are confronting. Now and again, recognizable proof of the issue may not be direct. In such cases, record every one of the impacts and perceptions in point of interest. A short meeting to generate new ideas might have the capacity to call attention to t the real issue.
Step 2: Add the main considerations that add to the issue
  • In this progression, the primary variables of the issue are recognized. For every element, draw off a line from the fish's spine and legitimately mark it. These variables can be different things, for example, individuals, material, hardware or outside impacts.
  • Conceptualizing turns out to be entirely helpful in this stage, as individuals can take a gander at the issue in various points and recognize diverse contributing variables.
Step 3: Identify the causes
  • Take one variable during a period while recognizing conceivable causes. Conceptualize and attempt to distinguish all causes that apply to every element. Include these causes on a level plane off from the fish bones and name them.
  • In the event that the cause is huge in size or complex in nature, you can assist breakdown and add them as sub causes to the fundamental driver. These sub causes ought to fall off from the pertinent cause lines.
  • Invest more energy in this progression; the accumulation of causes ought to be complete.
Step 4: Diagram examination
  • When this progression begins, you have an outline that demonstrates the issue, the contributing variables, and all conceivable reasons for the issue.
  • This examination may prompt further exercises, for example, examinations, meets and overviews. Allude the accompanying specimen circumstances and end results outline:
     Cause and Effect Diagram
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QA: Introduction To Basic Management Skills

Delegation:

Having arranged everything that lies ahead and having thought of an arrangement for time administration, you may feel that you have more than you could bite on your plate. This is the place appointment ought to become an integral factor.

Turning into a decent director does not mean doing each assignment by him/herself. Or maybe, it is about having the capacity to delegate work adequately keeping in mind the end goal to finish the undertaking on time.

Numerous chiefs misuse assignment either on the grounds that they don't have enough trust in their collaborators and subordinates or in light of the fact that they don't ace the methods of appointment.

In this way, the key for designation would be to recognize the people that are fit for completing the assignment, appointing the work with exact guidelines and sufficiently giving good backing. Once the errand is finished, you will get a chance to assess their execution and give useful criticism.

Relational abilities:

Nothing could be ever refined in the realm of a chief without him or her having the capacity to precisely, unequivocally and emphatically convey their directions, proposals or criticism to others.

In this manner, you ought to be to a great degree watchful in selecting your words. A 'Can-Do' state of mind is something that can be effortlessly depicted through your words.

At the point when your correspondence bears a positive note, it will keep running over your group of onlookers infectiously.

Overseeing Yourself and Leading Others:

Regardless of the amount of moxy you identity have as a part of your identity or how great your positive relational abilities might be, a director never neglects to be the one to convey all things whether great or terrible.

In your administrative position, you are presented to both the official layer and the working layer of an association which makes you the ham in the sandwich.

In this way, you may wind up squashing and exciting in the middle of with regards to numerous choices.

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QA: About Quality Tools

Quality Tools:

In spite of the fact that a decent number of value devices particular are accessible for specific spaces, fields and practices, a portion of the quality apparatuses can be utilized crosswise over such areas. These quality instruments are very non specific and can be connected to any condition.

There are seven fundamental quality apparatuses utilized as a part of associations. These instruments can give much data about issues in the association helping to determine answers for the same.

Some of these quality apparatuses accompany a sticker price. A brief preparing, generally a self-preparing, is adequate for somebody to begin utilizing the instruments.

Give us a chance to observe the seven essential quality instruments to sum things up.

1.    Flow Charts:
This is one of the fundamental quality apparatus that can be utilized for breaking down an arrangement of occasions.

The device maps out a grouping of occasions that happen successively or in parallel. The stream graph can be utilized to comprehend a mind boggling process with a specific end goal to discover the connections and conditions between occasions.

You can likewise get a brief thought regarding the basic way of the procedure and the occasions required in the basic way.

Stream outlines can be utilized for any field to show complex procedures essentially. There are particular programming devices produced for drawing stream graphs, for example, MS Visio.

You can download a portion of the open source stream diagram apparatuses created by the open source group.         Flow Charts 2.    Histogram:

Histogram is utilized for outlining the recurrence and the degree with regards to two variables.

Histogram is an outline with segments. This speaks to the appropriation by mean. On the off chance that the histogram is typical, the chart takes the state of a ringer bend.

In the event that it is not typical, it might take distinctive shapes in view of the state of the conveyance. Histogram can be utilized to gauge something against something else. Continuously, it ought to be two variables.

Consider the accompanying case: The accompanying histogram indicates morning participation of a class. The X-hub is the quantity of understudies and the Y-hub the time.       
      
Histogram3.    Cause and Effect Diagram:

Circumstances and end results outlines (Ishikawa Diagram) are utilized for comprehension hierarchical or business issue causes.

Associations face issues ordinary and it is required to comprehend the reasons for these issues with a specific end goal to explain them successfully. Circumstances and end results outlines activity is generally a collaboration.

A meeting to generate new ideas is required so as to think of a compelling motivation and impact chart.

All the principle segments of an issue territory are recorded and conceivable causes from every range is recorded.

At that point, undoubtedly reasons for the issues are recognized to complete further investigation.

      
       

4.    Check Sheet:

A check sheet can be presented as the most essential instrument for quality.

A check sheet is essentially utilized for social event and arranging information.

When this is finished with the assistance of programming bundles, for example, Microsoft Excel, you can determine further investigation diagrams and computerize through macros accessible.

In this way, it is dependably a smart thought to utilize a product check sheet for data assembling and arranging needs.             
Check Sheet5.    Scatter Diagram:

With regards to the estimations of two variables, diffuse charts are the most ideal approach to show. Disperse charts show the relationship between two variables and outline the outcomes on a Cartesian plane.

At that point, further examination, for example, pattern investigation can be performed on the qualities.

In these outlines, one variable signifies one hub and another variable indicates alternate hub.
            
6.    Control Charts:
Control graph is the best instrument for checking the execution of a procedure. These sorts of outlines can be utilized for observing any procedures identified with capacity of the association.

These outlines permit you to recognize the accompanying conditions identified with the procedure that has been checked.

Solidness of the procedure

Consistency of the procedure

Distinguishing proof of normal reason for variety

Unique conditions where the checking party needs to respond

7.    Pareto Charts:
Pareto outlines are utilized for recognizing an arrangement of needs. You can graph any number of issues/variables identified with a particular concern and record the quantity of events.

Along these lines you can make sense of the parameters that have the most noteworthy effect on the particular concern.

This helps you to chip away at the respectability issues so as to get the condition under control.

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Top Most Selinium Online Training Interview Questions

TOP Selinium Online Training Interview Questions:

1) What is Selenium and what is composed of?
Selenium is a suite of tools for automated web testing.  It is composed of
·          Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) :  It is a tool for recording and playing back.  It is a firefox plugin
·          WebDriver and RC:  It provide the APIs for a variety of languages like Java, .NET, PHP, etc. With most of the browsers Webdriver and RC works.
·          Grid: With the help of Grid you can distribute tests on multiple machines so that test can be run parallel which helps in cutting down the time required for running in browser test suites
2) What is Selenium 2.0 ?
Web testing tools Selenium RC and WebDriver are consolidated in single tool in Selenium 2.0
3) How will you find an element using Selenium?
In Selenium every object or control in a web page is referred as an elements, there are different ways to find an element in a web page they are
·          ID
·          Name
·          Tag
·          Attribute
·          CSS
·          Linktext
·          PartialLink Text
·          Xpath etc
4) List out the test types that are supported by Selenium?
For web based application testing selenium can be used
The test types can be supported are
a)      Functional
b)      Regression
For post release validation with continuous integration automation tool could be used
a)      Jenkins
b)      Hudson
c)       Quick Build
d)      CruiseCont
5) Explain what is assertion in Selenium and what are the types of assertion?
Assertion is used as a  verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is expected.  The types of assertion are “assert” , “verify” and “waifFor”.

6) Mention what is the use of X-path?
X-Path is used to find the WebElement in web pages. It is also useful in identifying the dynamic elements.
7) Explain the difference between single and double slash in X-path?
Single slash ‘/ ’
·          Single slash ( / ) start selection from the document node
·          It allows you to create ‘absolute’ path expressions
Double Slash ‘// ’
·          Double slash ( // ) start selection matching anywhere in the document
·          It enables to create ‘relative’ path expressions
8) List out the technical challenges with Selenium?
Technical challenges with Selenium are
·          Selenium supports only web based applications
·          It does not support the Bitmap comparison
·          For any reporting related capabilities have to depend on third party tools
·          No vendor support for tool compared to commercial tools like HP UFT
·          As there is no object repository concept in Selenium, maintainability of objects becomes difficult
9) What is the difference between type keys and type commands ?
TypeKeys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won’t. Type key populates the value attribute using JavaScript whereas .typekeys() emulates like actual user typing
10) What is the difference between verify and assert commands?
Assert:  Assert allows to check whether an element is on the page or not. The test will stop on the step failed, if the asserted element is not available. In other words, the test will terminated at the point where check fails.
Verify: Verify command will check whether the element is on the page, if it is not then the test will carry on executing.  In verification, all the commands are going to run guaranteed even if any of test fails.
11) What is JUnit Annotations and what are different types of annotations which are useful ?
In JAVA a special form of syntactic meta-data can be added to Java source code, this is know as Annotations.  Variables, parameters, packages, methods and classes are annotated some of the JUnit annotations which can be useful are
·          Test
·          Before
·          After
·          Ignore
·          BeforeClass
·          AfterClass
·          RunWith
12) While using click command can you use screen coordinate? 
To click on specific part of element, you would need to use clickAT command.  ClickAt command accepts element locator and x, y co-ordinates as arguments-
clickAt (locator, cordString)
13)  What are the advantages of Selenium?
·          It supports C#, PHP, Java, Perl, Phython
·          It supports different OS like Windows, Linux and Mac OS
·          It has got powerful methods to locate elements (Xpath, DOM , CSS)
·          It has highly developer community supported by Google
14) Why testers should opt for Selenium and not QTP?
Selenium is more popular than QTP as
·          Selenium is an open source whereas QTP is a commercial tool
·          Selenium is used specially for testing web based applications while QTP can be used for testing client server application also
·          Selenium supports Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari  on operating systems like Windows, Mac, linux etc. however QTP is limited to Internet Explorer on Windows.
·          Selenium supports many programming languages like Ruby, Perl, Python whereas QTP supports only VB script
15) What are the four parameter you have to pass in Selenium?
Four parameters that you have to pass in Selenium are
·          Host
·          Port Number
·          Browser
·          URL
16) What is the difference between setSpeed() and sleep() methods?
Both will delay the speed of execution.
Thread.sleep () :  It will stop the current (java) thread for the specified period of time.  Its done only once
·          It takes a single argument in integer format
Ex: thread.sleep(2000)- It will wait for 2 seconds
·          It waits only once at the command given at sleep
SetSpeed () :  For specific amount of time it will stop the execution for every selenium command.
·          It takes a single argument in integer format
Ex: selenium.setSpeed(“2000”)- It will wait for 2 seconds
·          Runs each command  after setSpeed delay by the number of milliseconds mentioned in set Speed
This command is useful for  demonstration purpose or if you are using a slow web application
17) What is same origin policy? How you can avoid same origin policy?
The “Same Origin Policy” is introduced for security reason, and it ensures that content of your site will never be accessible by a script from another site.  As per the policy, any code loaded within the browser can only operate within that website’s domain.
To avoid “Same Origin Policy” proxy injection method is used, in proxy injection mode the Selenium Server acts as a client configured HTTP proxy , which sits between the browser and application under test and then masks the AUT under a fictional URL
18) What is heightened privileges browsers?
The purpose of heightened privileges is similar to Proxy Injection, allows websites to do something that are not commonly permitted.  The key difference is that the browsers are launced in a special mode called heightened privileges.  By using these browser mode, Selenium core can open the AUT directly and also read/write its content without passing the whole AUT through the Selenium RC server.
19) How you can use “submit” a form using Selenium ?
You can use “submit” method on element to submit form-
element.submit () ;
Alternatively you can use click method on the element which does form submission
20) What are the features of TestNG and list some of the functionality in TestNG which makes it more effective?
TestNG is a testing framework based on JUnit and NUnit to simplify a broad range of testing needs, from unit testing to integration testing. And the functionality which makes it efficient testing framework are
·          Support for annotations
·          Support for data-driven testing
·          Flexible test configuration
·          Ability to re-execute failed test cases
21) Mention what is the difference between Implicit wait and Explicit wait?
Implicit Wait: Sets a timeout for all successive Web Element searches. For the specified amount of time it will try looking for element again and again before throwing a NoSuchElementException.  It waits for elements to show up.
Explicit Wait :  It is a one-timer, used for a particular search.
22) Which attribute you should consider throughout the script in frame for “if no frame Id as well as no frame name”?
You can use…..driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//iframe”))….
This will return list of frames.
You will ned to  switch to each and every frame and search for locator which we want.
Then break the loop
23) Explain what is the difference between find elements () and find element () ?
find element ():
It finds the first element within the current page using the given “locating mechanism”.  It returns a single WebElement
findElements () : Using the given “locating mechanism” find all the elements within the current page.  It returns a list of web elements.
24) Explain what are the JUnits annotation linked with Selenium?
The JUnits annotation linked with Selenium are
·          @Before public void method() – It will perform the method () before each test, this method can prepare the test
·          @Test public void method() – Annotations @Test identifies that this method is a test method environment
·          @After public void method()- To execute a method before this annotation is used, test method must start with test@Before
25) Explain what is Datadriven framework and Keyword driven?
Datadriven framework:  In this framework, the test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts, while test case logic resides in Test Scripts.  Test data is read from the external files ( Excel Files) and are loaded into the variables inside the Test Script.  Variables are used for both for input values and for verification values.
Keyworddriven framework: The keyword driven frameworks requires the development of data tables and keywords, independent of the test automation.  In a keyword driven test, the functionality of the application under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions for each test.
26) Explain how you can login into any site if it’s showing any authentication popup for password and username?
Pass the username and password with url
·          Syntax-http://username:password@url
·          ex- http://creyate:tom@www.gmail.com
27) Explain how to assert text of webpage using selenium 2.0 ?
WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id(“ElementID”))
//get test from element and stored in text variable
String text = el.getText();
//assert text from expected
Assert.assertEquals(“Element Text”, text);
28) Explain what is the difference between Borland Silk and Selenium?
                          Silk Test Tool
                        Selenium Test Tool
·          Borland Silk test is not a free testing tool
·          Selenium is completely free test automation tool
·          Silk test supports only Internet Explorer and Firefox
·          Selenium supports many browsers like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Opera and so on
·          Silk test uses test scripting language
·          Selenium suite has the flexibility to use many languages like Java, Ruby,Perl and so on
·          Silk test can be used for client server applications
·          Selenium can be used for only web application
29) What is Object Repository ?
An object repository is an essential entity in any UI automations which allows a tester to store all object that will be used in the scripts in one or more centralized locations rather than scattered all over the test scripts.
30) Explain how Selenium Grid works?
Selenium Grid sent the tests to the hub. These tests are redirected to Selenium Webdriver, which launch the browser and run the test.  With entire test suite, it allows for running tests in parallel.
31) Can we use Selenium grid for performance testing?
Yes. But not as effectively as a dedicated performance testing tool like Loadrunner.